From harassment to disappearance: Young women's feelings of insecurity in public spaces.

BACKGROUND: There are processes of gender socialization that increase the vulnerability of young women against a continuum of threats in the public space. This study explored the feeling of insecurity in public spaces among young women in a city located near the northern border of Mexico. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This study was based on the tradition of grounded theory. Purposive sampling was used, and 24 group interviews were conducted with junior high school, high school and university students to understand the conditions that favour the emergence of the feeling of insecurity, its psychosocial consequences and management strategies. A computer-assisted qualitative analysis was performed using MAXQDA 18 software. The study showed that street harassment was manifested mainly as sexual harassment but generated a continuous threat of feminicide and disappearance. Young women experienced discomfort and restrictions on mobility, and they had to assume individual responsibility for their safety in the absence of support from the state. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between gender and age determines the vulnerability to crime in urban spaces. Future studies could analyse the chronic impact of this continuum of threats and develop psychosocial interventions that promote the empowerment of young women.

Structural violence and the need for compassionate use of methadone in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data from Mexico have documented an increase in heroin use in the last decade. However, there is no comprehensive care strategy for heroin users, especially those who have been accused of a crime. The objective of this study was to describe the heroin and methadone use of intravenous heroin users of both sexes who have been in jail, to offer evidence for the formulation of health policy. METHODS: This study used an ethnographic approach, with open-ended interviews carried out from 2014 to the present. Heroin users of both sexes attending a private methadone clinic in Mexico City were invited to participate. The sample was non-probabilistic. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed, and narratives were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants in this study were 33 users of heroin, two of them women, who had been in prison. They ranged in age from 33 to 62 years, had used heroin for a period of 13-30 years, and were from three states: Michoacan, Oaxaca, and Mexico City. Three principal categories of analysis were structured: 1. Pilgrimage for help (dynamics of the drama of suffering, pain, and time through health care spaces); 2) methadone use as self-care; and 3) accessibility to methadone treatment. The impossibility of access to methadone treatment is a condition which motivates users in their journey. The dynamics of methadone use are interpreted as a form of self-care and care to avoid substance use. Reducing the psychological, physical, and harmful effects of the substance allows them to perform daily activities. The inability to access treatment leads to a significant effect on users who experience structural violence. CONCLUSION: Compassionate methadone treatment and holistic attention should be considered as a way to meet patients' needs and mitigate their suffering, based on public health policy that allows for human rights-based care.

"I Didn't See It as a Problem, I Thought It Was Going to Be Taken Away": Narratives From Family Members of Users in Rehab.

There are multiple discourses on addictions that influence the way in which relatives interpret the substance use of a family member. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of these discourses on the construction of use as a problem by relatives of people in recovery. Narratives were obtained on the path of the illness to identify the phases in the construction of use as a problem and the influence of the discourses on each phase. The process has four successive phases: normalization, impasse, exasperation, and adoption of the treatment ideology. This process goes from the legitimization of use to its moral interpretation and subsequently to the transition to medical discourse. It is concluded that it is important to reduce the influence of the moral discourse in order to facilitate timely detection and early care, as well as to design interventions focused on the reconstruction of use as a problem.

Treatment Adherence in People Living with HIV: Relationship between an Explanatory Model, Motives, and Practices / Adherencia al tratamiento en personas que viven con VIH: vínculos entre el modelo explicativo, los motivos y las prácticas / Adesão ao tratamento em pessoas vivendo com HIV: relações entre um modelo explicativo, motivos e práticas

Introduction: The concept of adherence recognizes that not all patients passively accept treatment and suggests a more horizontal relationship between patients and healthcare personnel. The objective of this study was to identify an explanatory model, motives, and practices to ensure treatment adherence in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in accordance to the Grounded Theory. Semi-structured inter-views were conducted with patients who attend specialized public services for HIV. Results: The patients construct an explanatory model that parsimoniously integrates knowledge regarding hiv infection, antiretroviral therapy, and adherence; it is based on both the information received by patients from healthcare services and their experience with the condition. The model is also linked to motives, such as maintaining health, staying alive, and taking care of oneself for others, that promote adherence. Conclusion: The explanatory model and motives guide the development of pharmacological and non-pharmacological adherence-promoting practices. Healthcare services need to address these elements for the promotion of adherence over time

Introducción: el concepto de adherencia reconoce que no todos los pacientes aceptan pasivamente el tratamiento y sugiere una relación más horizontal entre el paciente y el personal de salud. El objetivo es identificar el modelo explicativo, los motivos y las prácticas para la adherencia al tratamiento que emplean personas que viven con VIH en el estado de Tamaulipas (México). Materiales y métodos: el estudio se realizó a partir de la teoría fundamentada. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas con pacientes que acudían a servicios públicos especializados en VIH. Resultados: los participantes elaboran un modelo explicativo que integra en forma parsimoniosa conocimientos sobre la infección por VIH, el tratamiento antirretroviral y la adherencia, y que se basa tanto en la información que reciben de los servicios de salud como de su experiencia con el padecimiento. El modelo se vincula con motivos para la adherencia, como mantener la salud, seguir viviendo y cuidarse para los demás. Conclusiones: el modelo explicativo y los motivos orientan el desarrollo de prácticas para la adherencia farmacológica y no farmacológica. Los servicios de salud requieren atender estos elementos para la promoción de la adherencia a través del tiempo

Introdução: o conceito de adesão reconhece que nem todos os pacientes aceitam passivamente o trata-mento e sugere uma relação mais horizontal entre o paciente e o pessoal de saúde. Objetivo: identificar o modelo explicativo, motivos e práticas de adesão ao tratamento utilizados por pessoas vivendo com HIV no estado de Tamaulipas, México. Materiais e métodos: o estudo foi realizado com base na Teoria Fundamentada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com pacientes atendidos em serviços públicos especializados em HIV. Resultados: os participantes elaboraram um modelo explicativo que integra parcimoniosamente conhecimentos sobre infecção pelo HIV, tratamento antirretroviral e adesão; e que se baseia tanto nas informações que recebem dos serviços de saúde quanto na sua própria experiência com a doença. O modelo está atrelado aos motivos de adesão, como manter a saúde, continuar vivendo e cuidar do outro. Conclusões: o modelo explicativo e os motivos norteiam o desenvolvimento de práticas de adesão farmacológica e não farmacológica. Os serviços de saúde precisam abordar esses elementos para promover a adesão ao longo do tempo

Sentimiento de inseguridad ante la delincuencia en estudiantes de secundaria

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es comprender el sentimiento de inseguridad de estudiantes de secundaria de Mexicali. El estudio se basó en la Teoría Fundamentada. Se realizaron diez grupos focales, y los datos se analizaron mediante el software MAXQDA 12. Se encontró que el sentimiento de inseguridad se elabora a partir de condiciones contextuales, como sucesos delictivos en la colonia y otras zonas de la ciudad, actores vinculados a la delincuencia, experiencias de victimización y la participación de la policía en las comunidades. En su dimensión personal, el sentimiento de inseguridad, se vincula con un sentido de amenaza continua, miedo, restricción de movilidad y adopción de estrategias de protección. Se concluye que la dimensión personal del sentimiento de inseguridad permite comprender el impacto psicosocial de la delincuencia en jóvenes y su dimensión pública favorece la incorporación de sus voces en el diseño de políticas en materia de seguridad pública.

Abstract: The aim of the study is to understand the feeling of insecurity of junior high school students in Mexicali. The study was based on Grounded Theory. Ten focus groups were performed, and the data was analyzed using MAXQDA software 12. It was found that the feeling of insecurity is elaborated from contextual conditions, such as criminal events in the neighborhood and other areas of the city, actors linked to crime, experiences of victimization and the participation of the police in the communities. In its personal dimension, the feeling of insecurity is linked to a sense of continuous threat, fear, restriction of mobility and the adoption of protection strategies. It is concluded that the personal dimension of the feeling of insecurity makes it possible to understand the psychosocial impact of delinquency in young people and its public dimension favors the incorporation of their voices in the design of public safety policies.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo é entender o sentimento de insegurança dos alunos do ensino médio de Mexicali. O estudo foi baseado na Teoria Fundamentada. Foram realizados dez grupos focais e os dados foram analisados no software MAXQDA 12. Verificou-se que o sentimento de insegurança é elaborado a partir de condições contextuais, como eventos criminosos no bairro e em outras áreas da cidade, atores ligados ao crime, experiências de vitimização e participação da polícia nas comunidades. Em sua dimensão pessoal, o sentimento de insegurança está vinculado a um sentimento de ameaça contínua, medo, restrição de mobilidade e adoção de estratégias de proteção. Conclui-se que a dimensão pessoal do sentimento de insegurança possibilita compreender o impacto psicossocial do crime nos jovens e sua dimensão pública favorece a incorporação de suas vozes no desenho de políticas de segurança pública.

[Narratives about the process of recovering from addiction: the perspective of family members attending care services]. / Narrativas sobre el proceso de recuperación ante la adicción: la perspectiva de familiares que asisten a servicios de atención.

Addiction treatment services usually prioritize the recovery of the user, despite the fact that problematic consumption often leads to distress among families that requires attention. The purpose of this study is to identify types of narratives constructed by relatives of people with substance dependence disorders regarding their condition and recovery process. Additionally, we seek to understand the conditions that facilitate or hinder the recovery process from the perspective of family members. Seven in-depth interviews were conducted with a narrative approach. Progressive, stable, and regressive narratives were identified, corresponding to various stages in the addiction and recovery processes. These narratives revealed different forms of distress, obstacles to treatment, and critical junctures with respect to attending care services. Families represent a valuable resource for user recovery, and therefore must be included in the treatment process.

Los servicios de tratamiento para las adicciones suelen priorizar la recuperación del usuario, a pesar de que el consumo problemático implica un malestar en las familias que requiere atención. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los tipos de narrativas que construyen los familiares de personas con trastornos por dependencia a sustancias, acerca del padecimiento y el proceso de recuperación, así como comprender las condiciones que facilitan u obstaculizan el proceso de recuperación desde la perspectiva de los familiares. Se realizaron siete entrevistas en profundidad con orientación narrativa. Se encontraron narrativas progresivas, estables y regresivas en las que se identificaron diversas etapas en los procesos de adicción y recuperación, y revelaron diferentes formas de malestar, barreras para el tratamiento, y momentos críticos para asistir a los servicios de atención. Las familias representan un recurso valioso para la recuperación del usuario, por lo que deben ser incluidas en el tratamiento.

Proceso de tratamiento a víctimas del crimen organizado: Un estudio cualitativo centrado en la experiencia de psicólogos clínicos / Process of treatment to victims of organized crime: A qualitative study focused on the experience of clinical psychologists

Resumen El crimen organizado representa una de las más graves problemáticas a nivel mundial. No solo por el gran número de muertes violentas y lesiones entre los grupos rivales y en la población general, sino por las afectaciones en la salud mental de las personas que viven en ciudades con alta incidencia delictiva. Las víctimas directas o indirectas del crimen organizado suelen desarrollar diversos síntomas, dependiendo del tipo de delito y el grado de violencia (intensidad y duración) a la que fueron sometidas, así como del tipo de atención recibida después del ataque. Se presentan los hallazgos de un estudio cualitativo sobre el proceso de atención a víctimas del crimen organizado, desde la perspectiva de los psicólogos clínicos. El estudio fue realizado en el estado de Tamaulipas, al norte de México. Su propósito fue conocer las fases del proceso de atención y las estrategias clínicas utilizadas, las reacciones cognitivas, emocionales y sociales generadas en los terapeutas, las estrategias de autocuidado y las limitaciones contextuales. Participaron ocho psicólogos clínicos de diferentes enfoques terapéuticos. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas y fueron analizadas con el software Atlas.ti 7, en base a la Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados indican un proceso de atención con cuatro fases: previa, inicial, tratamiento y cierre. El terapeuta emplea estrategias clínicas específicas para cada fase del tratamiento y además desarrolla estrategias para su autocuidado emocional y protección, debido a las condiciones de violencia en el contexto local.

Abstract Organized crime represents one of the most serious problems worldwide. Not only because of the large number of violent deaths and injuries among rival groups and in the general population, but also because of the mental health effects of people living in cities with a high incidence of crime. The direct or indirect victims of crimes such as homicide, kidnapping, extortion, human trafficking, robbery with violence, rape, among others, often develop various symptoms depending on the type of offense, the degree (intensity and duration) of violence to which they were subjected, and the care (medical, psychological, legal) received after the attack. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study on the process of care for victims of organized crime from the perspective of clinical psychologists. It was conducted in the state of Tamaulipas, in northern Mexico. The purpose of the study was to know the phases of the psychological care process and the clinical strategies used; the cognitive, emotional and social reactions generated in the therapists; the self-care strategies used by psychologists, and the contextual limitations for care. Eight clinical psychologists from different therapeutic approaches participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed with the Atlas.ti 7 software, based on Grounded Theory. The results indicate a process of attention with four phases: previous, initial, treatment and closure. In the previous phase, participants identify adult men and women as the main victims of organized crime who attend therapy. Direct victims come for crimes such as kidnapping and extortion. Indirect victims are usually close relatives of the direct victims and come for crimes such as homicide, forced disappearance and kidnapping. In the initial phase, psychologists use the therapeutic alliance, rapport, empathy and the promotion of attachment to treatment. Psychologists with private practice can perform specific actions such as attending the patient's home when the patient is afraid to leave. The most frequent diagnoses found in this phase are post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders. The treatment phase is characterized by the diversity of techniques used according to the therapeutic model adopted by each psychologist. The closing phase occurs when the patient has emotionally stabilized and therapists seek relapse prevention, so they follow up on cases. During the process of care for victims, therapists have different cognitive, emotional and social reactions; and develop strategies for their personal care, due to the conditions of violence that are experienced in the local context. The most used self-care strategies are to attend a personal therapeutic process, supervise the cases, exercise, eat well, express their emotions, go to natural environments to distract themselves and reduce the number of cases they attend. Among the limitations identified in the process of care for victims of organized crime, therapists mention the need for specialized training, including not only their professional training, but have a procedure or a specific protocol to deal with such cases.

Narrativas sobre el proceso de recuperación ante la adicción: la perspectiva de familiares que asisten a servicios de atención / Narratives about the process of recovering from addiction: the perspective of family members attending care services

RESUMEN Los servicios de tratamiento para las adicciones suelen priorizar la recuperación del usuario, a pesar de que el consumo problemático implica un malestar en las familias que requiere atención. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los tipos de narrativas que construyen los familiares de personas con trastornos por dependencia a sustancias, acerca del padecimiento y el proceso de recuperación, así como comprender las condiciones que facilitan u obstaculizan el proceso de recuperación desde la perspectiva de los familiares. Se realizaron siete entrevistas en profundidad con orientación narrativa. Se encontraron narrativas progresivas, estables y regresivas en las que se identificaron diversas etapas en los procesos de adicción y recuperación, y revelaron diferentes formas de malestar, barreras para el tratamiento, y momentos críticos para asistir a los servicios de atención. Las familias representan un recurso valioso para la recuperación del usuario, por lo que deben ser incluidas en el tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Addiction treatment services usually prioritize the recovery of the user, despite the fact that problematic consumption often leads to distress among families that requires attention. The purpose of this study is to identify types of narratives constructed by relatives of people with substance dependence disorders regarding their condition and recovery process. Additionally, we seek to understand the conditions that facilitate or hinder the recovery process from the perspective of family members. Seven in-depth interviews were conducted with a narrative approach. Progressive, stable, and regressive narratives were identified, corresponding to various stages in the addiction and recovery processes. These narratives revealed different forms of distress, obstacles to treatment, and critical junctures with respect to attending care services. Families represent a valuable resource for user recovery, and therefore must be included in the treatment process.

Feelings of insecurity regarding organized crime in Tamaulipas, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings, feelings and practices associated with insecurity in a context with the presence of organized crime. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a municipality of Tamaulipas, México, with high levels of violence. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of thirty indirect victims. Interview transcriptions underwent computer-assisted qualitative analysis using the MAXQDA program. RESULTS: Threatening situations and perceived causes of insecurity in the local context were identified. Various psychosocial consequences of insecurity and coping strategies are also described. CONCLUSIONS: Although the strategies used attempt to reduce the impact of insecurity on mental health, a transformation of mobility in public space and social relations is observed. Citizens handle insecurity at the individual level, even when it is attributed to structural causes.

Feelings of insecurity regarding organized crime in Tamaulipas, Mexico / Sentimientos de inseguridad en relación con el crimen organizado en Tamaulipas, México

Abstract Objective To understand the meanings, feelings and practices associated with insecurity in a context with the presence of organized crime. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a municipality of Tamaulipas, México, with high levels of violence. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of thirty indirect victims. Interview transcriptions underwent computer-assisted qualitative analysis using the MAXQDA program. Results Threatening situations and perceived causes of insecurity in the local context were identified. Various psychosocial consequences of insecurity and coping strategies are also described. Conclusions Although the strategies used attempt to reduce the impact of insecurity on mental health, a transformation of mobility in public space and social relations is observed. Citizens handle insecurity at the individual level, even when it is attributed to structural causes.

Resumen: Objetivo Comprender los significados, afectos y prácticas asociadas con la inseguridad en un contexto con presencia del crimen organizado. Material y métodos El estudio se realizó en un municipio de Tamaulipas, México, con altos niveles de violencia. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas, con una muestra propositiva de treinta víctimas indirectas. Las transcripciones de las entrevistas fueron sometidas a un análisis cualitativo asistido por computadora mediante el programa MAXQDA. Resultados Se identificaron las situaciones amenazantes y las causas percibidas de la inseguridad en el contexto local. También se describen diversas consecuencias psicosociales de la inseguridad y las estrategias empleadas para su afrontamiento. Conclusiones Aunque las estrategias empleadas buscan disminuir el impacto de la inseguridad en la salud mental, se observa una transformación de la movilidad en el espacio público y las relaciones sociales. Los ciudadanos manejan la inseguridad a nivel individual, aún cuando le atribuyen causas estructurales.

Victimización, resiliencia y salud mental de estudiantes de universidad en Tamaulipas, México / Victimization, resilience and mental health of college students in Tamaulipas, Mexico / Vitimização, a resiliência e a saúde mental dos estudantes universitários em Tamaulipas, México

Resumen (analítico): En el estado de Tamaulipas, los conflictos entre grupos del crimen organizado han aumentado los niveles de violencia comunitaria. Realizamos un estudio observacional, transversal y analítico con 500 jóvenes estudiantes de universidad -hombres y mujeres-, con el objetivo de analizar la relación entre victimización directa e indirecta, resiliencia y sintomatología psicológica. Utilizamos diversas escalas para la medición de las variables y realizamos el análisis estadístico con Ji cuadrado, prueba t de Student, correlación de Pearson y análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Encontramos diferencias por sexo en victimización y sintomatología psicológica, así como asociaciones significativas entre victimización y sintomatología. La relación entre victimización y sintomatología psicológica es regulada por la resiliencia. Se requiere considerar esta variable en los programas de prevención dirigidos a las personas jóvenes expuestas a violencia comunitaria.

Abstract (analytical): In the state of Tamaulipas, conflicts between organized crime groups have increased levels of community violence. An observational, cross-sectional analytical study with 500 university students, both men and women was held with the aim of analyzing the relationship between direct and indirect victimization, resilience and psychological symptoms. Different scales for measuring variables were used and statistical analysis with chi-square, Student t test, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Gender differences in victimization and psychological symptoms, and significant associations between victimization and symptoms were found. The relationship between victimization and psychological symptoms, is regulated by resilience. It is required to consider this variable in prevention programs aimed at young men and young women exposed to community violence.

Resumo (analítico): No estado de Tamaulipas, conflitos entre grupos de crime organizado têm aumentado os níveis de violência na comunidade. Um estudo analítico observacional, transversal, com 500 estudantes universitários, homens e mulheres, foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre a vitimização direta e indireta, resiliência e sintomas psicológicos. Diferentes escalas para as variáveis de medição foram utilizados e análise estatística com qui-quadrado, teste t de Student, correlação de Pearson e análise de regressão linear múltipla foi realizada. Diferenças de gênero na vitimização e sintomas psicológicos e associações significativas entre vitimização e sintomas foram encontrados. A relação entre vitimização e sintomas psicológicos é regulada pela resiliência. É necessário considerar essa variável em programas de prevenção dirigidos a homens e mulheres jovens expostos à violência na comunidade.

Barriers to addiction prevention and treatment in communities with organized crime: the perspective of health providers / Barreras para la prevención y el tratamiento de las adicciones en comunidades con crimen organizado: la perspectiva del personal de salud

Abstract: Introduction: The presence of organized crime may encourage an increase in the supply of illicit substances, the incorporation of young people into crime, the promotion of substance-oriented lifestyles, and the use of violent tactics to control territories that generate insecurity and loss of social capital are generated. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the barriers related to the presence of organized crime for the prevention and treatment of addictions from the perspective of health staff. Method: Based on a grounded theory study, eight semi-structured focused interviews were conducted with the staff of a primary addiction care center. In the interviews, the characteristics of the center, type of services, user profiles, the most successful treatments and barriers to care were explored, emphasizing those related to the presence of organized crime in the community. The data obtained were subjected to a thematic analysis with the help of MAXQDA software version 12. Results: Thematic analysis shows that criminal organizations determine which substances are used, encourage distribution within educational contexts, establish control processes in communities, limit preventive actions and treatments, and promote lifestyles associated with consumption, which especially affect vulnerable young people at the familial, social, and economic level. Discussion and conclusion: Membership of organized crime is also linked to substance use, so those affected seek treatment in spaces where there are insufficient safety conditions and health providers to create personal strategies for their protection. The article concludes that addiction prevention implies the recovery of communities and educational spaces by state institutions, while care requires better safety conditions for users and health staff.

Resumen: Introducción: La presencia del crimen organizado favorece el aumento de la oferta de sustancias ilícitas, la incorporación de jóvenes en la delincuencia, la promoción de estilos de vida orientados al consumo de sustancias y el uso de tácticas violentas para controlar territorios que generan inseguridad y pérdida de capital social. Objetivo: Conocer las barreras relacionadas con la presencia del crimen organizado para la prevención y el tratamiento de las adicciones desde la perspectiva del personal de salud. Método: A partir de un estudio de teoría fundamentada, se realizaron ocho entrevistas semi-estructuradas focalizadas al personal de un centro de atención primaria en adicciones. En las entrevistas se exploraron las características del centro, el tipo de servicios, el perfil de los usuarios, los tratamientos más exitosos y las barreras para la atención, haciendo énfasis en las vinculadas con la presencia del crimen organizado en la comunidad. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a un análisis temático con ayuda del software MAXQDA versión 12. Resultados: El análisis temático muestra que las organizaciones delictivas determinan las sustancias que se consumen, favorecen la distribución dentro de contextos educativos, establecen procesos de control en las comunidades, limitan las acciones preventivas y los tratamientos, y promueven estilos de vida asociados al consumo, todo lo cual afecta especialmente a jóvenes vulnerables en el ámbito familiar, social y económico. Discusión y conclusión: En comunidades donde hay crimen organizado, las instituciones que brindan tratamiento no cuentan con condiciones de seguridad, por lo que el personal de salud requiere generar estrategias personales para su protección. La prevención de las adicciones implica la recuperación de las comunidades y espacios educativos por parte de las instituciones del estado, mientras que la atención requiere mejores condiciones de seguridad para los usuarios y el personal de salud.

Masculinidades emergentes a través de la trayectoria del padecimiento: implicaciones para el cuidado de la salud de varones que viven con VIH / Emerging masculinities across the pathway of the disease: Implications for the health care of men living with HIV

Resumen Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a doce varones para comprender el sentido que atribuyen a su vivencia con el VIH y la forma en que construyen su masculinidad, en relación con los ideales hegemónicos presentes en su contexto sociocultural. Los resultados indican que durante el transcurso del padecimiento existe una transformación de su masculinidad, pues, al reconocer la vulnerabilidad física, social y emocional que conlleva el diagnóstico de VIH, construyen una masculinidad emergente que permite mantener el autocuidado y normalizar la vida con el padecimiento. Los elementos de esta masculinidad emergente deben ser comprendidos por los servicios de salud y considerados durante el tratamiento para facilitar su atención integral.

Abstract Twelve in-depth interviews with men were conducted in order to understand the meaning they attribute to their experience with HIV and how they construct their masculinity in relation to the hegemonic ideals present in their sociocultural context. The results indicate that during the course of illness there is a transformation of their masculinity, thus recognizing the physical, social and emotional vulnerability that involves the diagnosis of HIV, allows them to build an emergent masculinity that keeps the self-care and the normalization of life with illness. The elements of this emerging masculinity must be understood by health services and considered during treatment to facilitate comprehensive care.

CLIENTES DE PROSTITUCIÓN: REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DE TRATA DE PERSONAS / OS CLIENTES DA PROSTITUIÇÃO: REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE TRÁFICO DE PESSOAS / PROSTITUTION CLIENTS: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Se reportan los hallazgos de una investigación realizada en la comunidad de La Merced de la Ciudad de México, donde la trata y la explotación sexual comercial se conjugan para victimizar a niñas, adolescentes y adultas, ante una comunidad pasiva, y la participación activa de clientes de prostitución, quienes no suelen cuestionar el proceso que las llevó a estar inmersas en el comercio sexual. El análisis de las entrevistas realizadas a hombres que se identificaron como clientes de prostitución, muestra en su representación social la existencia de elementos que dan cuenta de la trata y explotación sexual de mujeres prostituidas, sin embargo, no reconocen su participación en el delito, al utilizar a mujeres que han sido víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual.(AU)

São relatados os achados da pesquisa realizada na comunidade de La Merced, Cidade do México, onde o tráfico e exploração sexual comercial se combinam para vitimar crianças, adolescentes e adultas, ante uma comunidade passiva e a participação ativa dos clientes da prostituição, que tendem a não questionar o processo que as levou a estar imersas no comércio do sexo. A análise de entrevistas com homens que se identificaram como clientes de prostituição mostra, em sua representação social, a existência de elementos que respondem por tráfico e exploração sexual de mulheres prostituídas e, no entanto, não reconhecem o seu envolvimento no crime, ao usar as mulheres que foram traficadas para fins de exploração sexual.(AU)

This paper reports the results of a research conducted in the community of La Merced, located in Mexico City, where trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation combine to victimize girls, adolescents and adults, in face of the community's passive gaze and active participation of prostitution clients, since they usually do not question the process that led them to be immersed on sex trade. Analysis of the interviews made with men who identified themselves as prostitution clients, shows the existence of elements that account for trafficking and sexual exploitation of prostituted women in their social representation, however, they do not recognize participation in the felony, seeing that they use women trafficked for sexual exploitation purposes.(AU)

CLIENTES DE PROSTITUCIÓN: REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES DE TRATA DE PERSONAS / OS CLIENTES DA PROSTITUIÇÃO: REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE TRÁFICO DE PESSOAS / PROSTITUTION CLIENTS: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Se reportan los hallazgos de una investigación realizada en la comunidad de La Merced de la Ciudad de México, donde la trata y la explotación sexual comercial se conjugan para victimizar a niñas, adolescentes y adultas, ante una comunidad pasiva, y la participación activa de clientes de prostitución, quienes no suelen cuestionar el proceso que las llevó a estar inmersas en el comercio sexual. El análisis de las entrevistas realizadas a hombres que se identificaron como clientes de prostitución, muestra en su representación social la existencia de elementos que dan cuenta de la trata y explotación sexual de mujeres prostituidas, sin embargo, no reconocen su participación en el delito, al utilizar a mujeres que han sido víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual...

São relatados os achados da pesquisa realizada na comunidade de La Merced, Cidade do México, onde o tráfico e exploração sexual comercial se combinam para vitimar crianças, adolescentes e adultas, ante uma comunidade passiva e a participação ativa dos clientes da prostituição, que tendem a não questionar o processo que as levou a estar imersas no comércio do sexo. A análise de entrevistas com homens que se identificaram como clientes de prostituição mostra, em sua representação social, a existência de elementos que respondem por tráfico e exploração sexual de mulheres prostituídas e, no entanto, não reconhecem o seu envolvimento no crime, ao usar as mulheres que foram traficadas para fins de exploração sexual...

This paper reports the results of a research conducted in the community of La Merced, located in Mexico City, where trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation combine to victimize girls, adolescents and adults, in face of the community's passive gaze and active participation of prostitution clients, since they usually do not question the process that led them to be immersed on sex trade. Analysis of the interviews made with men who identified themselves as prostitution clients, shows the existence of elements that account for trafficking and sexual exploitation of prostituted women in their social representation, however, they do not recognize participation in the felony, seeing that they use women trafficked for sexual exploitation purposes...

Análisis crítico de discursos sobre prostitución de niñas y adolescentes / Critical analysis of discourses about prostitution of girls and teenagers

La prostitución de niñas y adolescentes es una de las formas más visibles de la explotación sexual comercial. Constituye un delito y una violación a sus derechos humanos, ocasiona daños a su salud física y emocional, así como estigma y discriminación social. Se utilizó la entrevista etnográfica con el objetivo de conocer los discursos relacionados con la prostitución de niñas y adolescentes. El análisis crítico de los discursos que diez comerciantes jóvenes y adultos reproducen sobre este tema, permitió la identificación de los supuestos sociales y culturales que validan el uso inequitativo del poder en perjuicio de las niñas y adolescentes forzadas en prostitución, mientras que los explotadores son justificados y exonerados. El alcance de la investigación se centra en la identificación de los elementos para la prevención, los cuales pueden ser extraídos de estos discursos.